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Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satirical review published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature. Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 Beginnings 3 Impressionist techniques 4 Content and composition 5 Main Impressionists 6 Gallery 7 Timeline: Lives of the Impressionists 8 Associates and influenced artists 9 Beyond France 10 Sculpture, photography and film 11 Music and literature 12 Post-Impressionism 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Overview[edit] Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette), Musée d'Orsay, 1876 Radicals in their time, early Impressionists violated the rules of academic painting. They constructed their pictures from freely brushed colours that took precedence over lines and contours, following the example of painters such as Eugène Delacroix and J. M. W. Turner. They also painted realistic scenes of modern life, and often painted outdoors. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes were usually painted in a studio.[1] The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air. They portrayed overall visual effects instead of details, and used short "broken" brush strokes of mixed and pure unmixed colour—not blended smoothly or shaded, as was customary—to achieve an effect of intense colour vibration. Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting. The Impressionists, however, developed new techniques specific to the style. Encompassing what its adherents argued was a different way of seeing, it is an art of immediacy and movement, of candid poses and compositions, of the play of light expressed in a bright and varied use of colour. The public, at first hostile, gradually came to believe that the Impressionists had captured a fresh and original vision, even if the art critics and art establishment disapproved of the new style. By recreating the sensation in the eye that views the subject, rather than delineating the details of the subject, and by creating a welter of techniques and forms, Impressionism is a precursor of various painting styles, including Neo-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Cubism. Beginnings[edit] In the middle of the 19th century—a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war—the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art. The Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued (landscape and still life were not), and the Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely. Colour was somber and conservative, and traces of brush strokes were suppressed, concealing the artist's personality, emotions, and working techniques. The Académie had an annual, juried art show, the Salon de Paris, and artists whose work was displayed in the show won prizes, garnered commissions, and enhanced their prestige. The standards of the juries represented the values of the Académie, represented by the works of such artists as Jean-Léon Gérôme and Alexandre Cabanel. Some younger artists painted in a lighter and brighter manner than painters of the preceding generation, extending further the Realism of Gustave Courbet and the Barbizon school. They were more interested in painting landscape and contemporary life than in recreating historical or mythological scenes. Each year, the Salon jury rejected their works in favour of works by artists faithful to the approved style. A group of young realists, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, who had studied under Charles Gleyre, became friends and often painted together. They gathered at the Café Guerbois, where the discussions were often led by Édouard Manet, whom the younger artists greatly admired. They were soon joined by Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, and Armand Guillaumin.[2] Édouard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863 In 1863, the jury rejected Manet's The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) primarily because it depicted a nude woman with two clothed men at a picnic. While the Salon jury routinely accepted nudes in historical and allegorical paintings, they condemned Manet for placing a realistic nude in a contemporary setting.[3] The jury's severely worded rejection of Manet's painting appalled his admirers, and the unusually large number of rejected works that year perturbed many French artists. After Emperor Napoleon III saw the rejected works of 1863, he decreed that the public be allowed to judge the work themselves, and the Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Refused) was organized. While many viewers came only to laugh, the Salon des Refusés drew attention to the existence of a new tendency in art and attracted more visitors than the regular Salon.[4] Alfred Sisley, View of the Saint-Martin Canal, Paris, 1870, Musée d'Orsay Artists' petitions requesting a new Salon des Refusés in 1867, and again in 1872, were denied. During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") to exhibit their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to adopt plein air painting years before.[5] Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Édouard Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise), 1872, oil on canvas, Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris The critical response was mixed. Monet and Cézanne received the harshest attacks. Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in the newspaper Le Charivari in which, making wordplay with the title of Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), he gave the artists the name by which they became known. Derisively titling his article The Exhibition of the Impressionists, Leroy declared that Monet's painting was at most, a sketch, and could hardly be termed a finished work. He wrote, in the form of a dialog between viewers, Impression—I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it ... and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.[6] Claude Monet, Woman with a Parasol, (Camille and Jean Monet), 1875, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The term impressionists quickly gained favour with the public. It was also accepted by the artists themselves, even though they were a diverse group in style and temperament, unified primarily by their spirit of independence and rebellion. They exhibited together—albeit with shifting membership—eight times between 1874 and 1886. Monet, Sisley, Morisot, and Pissarro may be considered the "purest" Impressionists, in their consistent pursuit of an art of spontaneity, sunlight, and colour. Degas rejected much of this, as he believed in the primacy of drawing over colour and belittled the practice of painting outdoors.[7] Renoir turned away from Impressionism for a time during the 1880s, and never entirely regained his commitment to its ideas. Édouard Manet, although regarded by the Impressionists as their leader,[8] never abandoned his liberal use of black as a colour, and never participated in the Impressionist exhibitions. He continued to submit his works to the Salon, where his painting Spanish Singer had won a 2nd class medal in 1861, and he urged the others to do likewise, arguing that "the Salon is the real field of battle" where a reputation could be made.[9] Camille Pissarro, Boulevard Montmartre, 1897, the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg Among the artists of the core group (minus Bazille, who had died in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870), defections occurred as Cézanne, followed later by Renoir, Sisley, and Monet, abstained from the group exhibitions so they could submit their works to the Salon. Disagreements arose from issues such as Guillaumin's membership in the group, championed by Pissarro and Cézanne against opposition from Monet and Degas, who thought him unworthy.[10] Degas invited Mary Cassatt to display her work in the 1879 exhibition, but he also caused dissension by insisting on the inclusion of Jean-François Raffaëlli, Ludovic Lepic, and other realists who did not represent Impressionist practices, causing Monet in 1880 to accuse the Impressionists of "opening doors to first-come daubers".[11] The group divided over invitations to Paul Signac and Georges Seurat to exhibit with them in 1886. Pissarro was the only artist to show at all eight Impressionist exhibitions. The individual artists achieved few financial rewards from the Impressionist exhibitions, but their art gradually won a degree of public acceptance and support. Their dealer, Durand-Ruel, played a major role in this as he kept their work before the public and arranged shows for them in London and New York. Although Sisley died in poverty in 1899, Renoir had a great Salon success in 1879. Monet became secure financially during the early 1880s and so did Pissarro by the early 1890s. By this time the methods of Impressionist painting, in a diluted form, had become commonplace in Salon art.[12] Impressionist techniques[edit] Mary Cassatt, Lydia Leaning on Her Arms (in a theatre box), 1879 Short, thick strokes of paint quickly capture the essence of the subject, rather than its details. The paint is often applied impasto. Colours are applied side-by-side with as little mixing as possible, creating a vibrant surface. The optical mixing of colours occurs in the eye of the viewer. Grays and dark tones are produced by mixing complementary colours. Pure impressionism avoids the use of black paint. Wet paint is placed into wet paint without waiting for successive applications to dry, producing softer edges and intermingling of colour. Painters often worked in the evening to produce effets de soir—the shadowy effects of evening or twilight. Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films (glazes), which earlier artists manipulated carefully to produce effects. The impressionist painting surface is typically opaque. The play of natural light is emphasized. Close attention is paid to the reflection of colours from object to object. In paintings made en plein air (outdoors), shadows are boldly painted with the blue of the sky as it is reflected onto surfaces, giving a sense of freshness previously not represented in painting. (Blue shadows on snow inspired the technique.) Painters throughout history had occasionally used these methods, but Impressionists were the first to use them all together, and with such consistency. Earlier artists who used these techniques include Frans Hals, Diego Velázquez, Peter Paul Rubens, John Constable, and J. M. W. Turner. French painters who prepared the way for Impressionism include the Romantic colourist Eugène Delacroix, the leader of the realists Gustave Courbet, and painters of the Barbizon school such as Théodore Rousseau. The Impressionists learned much from the work of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Eugène Boudin, who painted from nature in a style that was similar to Impressionism, and who befriended and advised the younger artists. Impressionists took advantage of the mid-century introduction of premixed paints in lead tubes (resembling modern toothpaste tubes), which allowed artists to work more spontaneously, both outdoors and indoors. Previously, painters made their own paints individually, by grinding and mixing dry pigment powders with linseed oil, which were then stored in animal bladders.[13] Content and composition[edit] Camille Pissarro, Hay Harvest at Éragny, 1901, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Prior to the Impressionists, other painters, notably such 17th-century Dutch painters as Jan Steen, had emphasized common subjects, but their methods of composition were traditional. They arranged their compositions so that the main subject commanded the viewer's attention. The Impressionists relaxed the boundary between subject and background so that the effect of an Impressionist painting often resembles a snapshot, a part of a larger reality captured as if by chance.[14] Photography was gaining popularity, and as cameras became more portable, photographs became more candid. Photography inspired Impressionists to represent momentary action, not only in the fleeting lights of a landscape, but in the day-to-day lives of people. Berthe Morisot, Reading, 1873, Cleveland Museum of Art The development of Impressionism can be considered partly as a reaction by artists to the challenge presented by photography, which seemed to devalue the artist's skill in reproducing reality. Both portrait and landscape paintings were deemed somewhat deficient and lacking in truth as photography "produced lifelike images much more efficiently and reliably".[15] In spite of this, photography actually inspired artists to pursue other means of artistic expression, and rather than compete with photography to emulate reality, artists focused "on the one thing they could inevitably do better than the photograph—by further developing into an art form its very subjectivity in the conception of the image, the very subjectivity that photography eliminated".[15] The Impressionists sought to express their perceptions of nature, rather than create exact representations. This allowed artists to depict subjectively what they saw with their "tacit imperatives of taste and conscience".[16] Photography encouraged painters to exploit aspects of the painting medium, like color, which photography then lacked: "The Impressionists were the first to consciously offer a subjective alternative to the photograph".[15] Jardin à Sainte-Adresse, 1867, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.,[17] a work showing the influence of Japanese prints Another major influence was Japanese art prints (Japonism), which originally came into France as wrapping paper on imported goods. The art of these prints contributed significantly to the "snapshot" angles and unconventional compositions that became characteristic of Impressionism. An example is Monet's Jardin à Sainte-Adresse, 1867, with its bold blocks of color and composition on a strong diagonal slant showing the influence of Japanese prints[18] Edgar Degas was both an avid photographer and a collector of Japanese prints.[19] His The Dance Class (La classe de danse) of 1874 shows both influences in its asymmetrical composition. The dancers are seemingly caught off guard in various awkward poses, leaving an expanse of empty floor space in the lower right quadrant. He also captured his dancers in sculpture, such as the Little Dancer of Fourteen Years. Main Impressionists[edit] Berthe Morisot, The Harbor at Lorient, 1869, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The central figures in the development of Impressionism in France, listed alphabetically, were: Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870) Gustave Caillebotte (who, younger than the others, joined forces with them in the mid-1870s) (1848–1894) Mary Cassatt (American-born, she lived in Paris and participated in four Impressionist exhibitions) (1844–1926) Paul Cézanne (although he later broke away from the Impressionists) (1839–1906) Edgar Degas (who despised the term Impressionist) (1834–1917) Armand Guillaumin (1841–1927) Édouard Manet (who did not participate in any of the Impressionist exhibitions) (1832–1883)[20] Claude Monet (the most prolific of the Impressionists and the one who embodies their aesthetic most obviously)[21] (1840–1926) Berthe Morisot (1841–1895) Camille Pissarro (1830–1903) Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) Alfred Sisley (1839–1899) Gallery[edit] Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870), Paysage au bord du Lez, 1870, Minneapolis Institute of Art Alfred Sisley, Bridge at Villeneuve-la-Garenne, 1872, Metropolitan Museum of Art Berthe Morisot, The Cradle, 1872, Musée d'Orsay Armand Guillaumin (1841–1927), Sunset at Ivry (Soleil couchant à Ivry) 1873, Musee d'Orsay Édouard Manet, Boating, 1874, Metropolitan Museum of Art Édouard Manet (1832–1883), The Plum, 1878, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère), 1882, Courtauld Institute of Art Edgar Degas, L'Absinthe, 1876, Musée d'Orsay, Paris Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Dancer with a Bouquet of Flowers (Star of the Ballet), 1878 Edgar Degas, Woman in the Bath, 1886, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut Edgar Degas, Dancers at The Bar, 1888, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. Gustave Caillebotte, (1848–1894), Paris Street, Rainy Day, 1877. Art Institute of Chicago Pierre-Auguste Renoir, On the Terrace, oil on canvas, 1881, Art Institute of Chicago Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Girl with a Hoop, 1885 Claude Monet, The Cliff at Étretat after the Storm, 1885, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts Mary Cassatt, The Child's Bath (The Bath), 1893, oil on canvas, Art Institute of Chicago Timeline: Lives of the Impressionists[edit] The Impressionists Associates and influenced artists[edit] James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket (1874), Detroit Institute of Arts Among the close associates of the Impressionists were several painters who adopted their methods to some degree. These include Giuseppe De Nittis, an Italian artist living in Paris who participated in the first Impressionist exhibit at the invitation of Degas, although the other Impressionists disparaged his work.[22] Federico Zandomeneghi was another Italian friend of Degas who showed with the Impressionists. Eva Gonzalès was a follower of Manet who did not exhibit with the group. James Abbott McNeill Whistler was an American-born painter who played a part in Impressionism although he did not join the group and preferred grayed colours. Walter Sickert, an English artist, was initially a follower of Whistler, and later an important disciple of Degas; he did not exhibit with the Impressionists. In 1904 the artist and writer Wynford Dewhurst wrote the first important study of the French painters published in English, Impressionist Painting: its genesis and development, which did much to popularize Impressionism in Great Britain. By the early 1880s, Impressionist methods were affecting, at least superficially, the art of the Salon. Fashionable painters such as Jean Béraud and Henri Gervex found critical and financial success by brightening their palettes while retaining the smooth finish expected of Salon art.[23] Works by these artists are sometimes casually referred to as Impressionism, despite their remoteness from Impressionist practice. The influence of the French Impressionists lasted long after most of them had died. Artists like J.D. Kirszenbaum were borrowing Impressionist techniques throughout the 1900s. Beyond France[edit] Peder Severin Krøyer's 1888 work Hip, Hip, Hurrah! shows members of the Skagen Painters As the influence of Impressionism spread beyond France, artists, too numerous to list, became identified as practitioners of the new style. Some of the more important examples are: The American Impressionists, including Mary Cassatt, William Merritt Chase, Frederick Carl Frieseke, Childe Hassam, Willard Metcalf, Lilla Cabot Perry, Theodore Robinson, Edmund Charles Tarbell, John Henry Twachtman, Catherine Wiley and J. Alden Weir. The Australian Impressionists, including Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Charles Conder and Frederick McCubbin (who were prominent members of the Heidelberg School), and John Peter Russell, a friend of Van Gogh, Rodin, Monet and Matisse. Anna Boch, Vincent van Gogh's friend Eugène Boch, Georges Lemmen and Théo van Rysselberghe Impressionist painters from Belgium. Ivan Grohar, Rihard Jakopič, Matija Jama, and Matej Sternen, Impressionists from Slovenia. Their beginning was in the school of Anton Ažbe in Munich and they were influenced by Jurij Šubic and Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painters working in Paris Walter Richard Sickert and Philip Wilson Steer were well known Impressionist painters from the United Kingdom. Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, Ernst Oppler and Max Slevogt in Germany László Mednyánszky in Hungary Theodor von Ehrmanns and Hugo Charlemont who were rare Impressionists among the more dominant Vienna Secessionist painters in Austria Roderic O'Conor, and Walter Osborne in Ireland Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov in Russia Francisco Oller y Cestero, a native of Puerto Rico and a friend of Pissarro and Cézanne William McTaggart in Scotland. Laura Muntz Lyall, a Canadian artist Władysław Podkowiński, a Polish Impressionist and symbolist Nazmi Ziya Güran, who brought Impressionism to Turkey Chafik Charobim in Egypt Eliseu Visconti in Brazil Mārtiņš Krūmiņš in Latvia, Germany and the United States. Joaquín Sorolla in Spain Faustino Brughetti, Fernando Fader, Candido Lopez, Martín Malharro, Walter de Navazio, Ramón Silva in Argentina Skagen Painters a group of Scandinavian artists who painted in a small Danish fishing village Nadežda Petrović in Serbia Sculpture, photography and film[edit] The sculptor Auguste Rodin is sometimes called an Impressionist for the way he used roughly modeled surfaces to suggest transient light effects. Pictorialist photographers whose work is characterized by soft focus and atmospheric effects have also been called Impressionists. French Impressionist Cinema is a term applied to a loosely defined group of films and filmmakers in France from 1919–1929, although these years are debatable. French Impressionist filmmakers include Abel Gance, Jean Epstein, Germaine Dulac, Marcel L’Herbier, Louis Delluc, and Dmitry Kirsanoff. Music and literature[edit] Main articles: Impressionist music and Impressionism (literature) Claude Monet, Water Lilies, 1916, The National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo Musical Impressionism is the name given to a movement in European classical music that arose in the late 19th century and continued into the middle of the 20th century. Originating in France, musical Impressionism is characterized by suggestion and atmosphere, and eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era. Impressionist composers favoured short forms such as the nocturne, arabesque, and prelude, and often explored uncommon scales such as the whole tone scale. Perhaps the most notable innovations of Impressionist composers were the introduction of major 7th chords and the extension of chord structures in 3rds to five and six part harmonies. The influence of visual Impressionism on its musical counterpart is debatable. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are generally considered the greatest Impressionist composers, but Debussy disavowed the term, calling it the invention of critics. Erik Satie was also considered in this category, though his approach was regarded as less serious, more musical novelty in nature. Paul Dukas is another French composer sometimes considered an Impressionist, but his style is perhaps more closely aligned to the late Romanticists. Musical Impressionism beyond France includes the work of such composers as Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ottorino Respighi (Italy) and Cyril Scott and John Ireland (England). The term Impressionism has also been used to describe works of literature in which a few select details suffice to convey the sensory impressions of an incident or scene. Impressionist literature is closely related to Symbolism, with its major exemplars being Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Rimbaud, and Verlaine. Authors such as Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, and Joseph Conrad have written works that are Impressionistic in the way that they describe, rather than interpret, the impressions, sensations and emotions that constitute a character's mental life. Camille Pissarro, Children on a Farm, 1887 Post-Impressionism[edit] Main article: Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism developed from Impressionism. From the 1880s several artists began to develop different precepts for the use of colour, pattern, form, and line, derived from the Impressionist example: Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. These artists were slightly younger than the Impressionists, and their work is known as post-Impressionism. Some of the original Impressionist artists also ventured into this new territory; Camille Pissarro briefly painted in a pointillist manner, and even Monet abandoned strict plein air painting. Paul Cézanne, who participated in the first and third Impressionist exhibitions, developed a highly individual vision emphasising pictorial structure, and he is more often called a post-Impressionist. Although these cases illustrate the difficulty of assigning labels, the work of the original Impressionist painters may, by definition, be categorised as Impressionism. Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1884–1886, The Art Institute of Chicago Vincent van Gogh, Cypresses 1889, Metropolitan Museum of Art Paul Gauguin, The Midday Nap, 1894, Metropolitan Museum of Art Paul Cézanne, The Card Players, 1894–1895, Musée d'Orsay, Paris See also[edit] Art periods Expressionism (as a reaction to Impressionism) Les XX Luminism (Impressionism) Macchiaioli Notes[edit] Jump up ^ Exceptions include Canaletto, who painted outside and may have used the camera obscura. Jump up ^ "Armand Guillaumin" Oxford Art Online Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.133. Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.194. Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.32. Jump up ^ Rewald (1973), p. 323. Jump up ^ Gordon; Forge (1988), pp. 11–12. Jump up ^ Distel et al. (1974), p. 127. Jump up ^ Richardson (1976), p. 3. Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.105. Jump up ^ Rewald (1973), p. 603. Jump up ^ Rewald, (1973), p. 475–476. Jump up ^ Renoir and the Impressionist Process. The Phillips Collection, retrieved May 21, 2011 Jump up ^ Rosenblum (1989), p. 228. ^ Jump up to: a b c Levinson, Paul (1997) The Soft Edge; a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution, Routledge, London and New York Jump up ^ Sontag, Susan (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London Jump up ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art Jump up ^ Gary Tinterow, Origins of Impressionism, Metropolitan Museum of Art,1994, page 433 Jump up ^ Baumann; Karabelnik, et al. (1994), p. 112. Jump up ^ Cole, Bruce (1991). Art of the Western World: From Ancient Greece to Post Modernism. Simon and Schuster. p. 242. ISBN 0671747282 Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.140. Jump up ^ Denvir (1990), p.152. Jump up ^ Rewald (1973), p.476–477. References[edit] Baumann, Felix; Karabelnik, Marianne, et al. (1994). Degas Portraits. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-014-1 Denvir, Bernard (1990). The Thames and Hudson Encyclopaedia of Impressionism. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20239-7 Distel, Anne, Michel Hoog, and Charles S. Moffett (1974). Impressionism; a centenary exhibition, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 12, 1974-February 10, 1975. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0-8709-9097-7 Gordon, Robert; Forge, Andrew (1988). Degas. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1142-6 Gowing, Lawrence, with Adriani, Götz; Krumrine, Mary Louise; Lewis, Mary Tompkins; Patin, Sylvie; Rewald, John (1988). Cézanne: The Early Years 1859-1872. New York: Harry N. Abrams. Moskowitz, Ira; Sérullaz, Maurice (1962). French Impressionists: A Selection of Drawings of the French 19th Century. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58560-2 Rewald, John (1973). The History of Impressionism (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-360-9 Richardson, John (1976). Manet (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7148-1743-0 Rosenblum, Robert (1989). Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 1-55670-099-7 Moffett, Charles S. (1986). "The New Painting, Impressionism 1874-1886". Geneva: Richard Burton SA. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Impressionist paintings. Look up impressionism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hecht Museum Mauclair, Camille (1903): The French Impressionists (1860-1900) at Project Gutenberg Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein Suburban Pastoral The Guardian, 24 February 2007 Impressionism: Paintings collected by European Museums (1999) was an art exhibition co-organized by the High Museum of Art, Atlanta, the Seattle Art Museum, and the Denver Art Museum, touring from May through December 1999. Online guided tour Monet's Years at Giverny: Beyond Impressionism, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which discusses Monet's role in this movement Degas: The Artist's Mind, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which discusses Degas's role in this movement [hide] v t e Impressionism Originators Frédéric Bazille Eugène Boudin Gustave Caillebotte Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Edgar Degas Armand Guillaumin Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Camille Pissarro Pierre-Auguste Renoir Alfred Sisley Patrons Gustave Caillebotte Henry O. Havemeyer Ernest Hoschedé Dealers Paul Durand-Ruel Georges Petit Ambroise Vollard American Artists William Merritt Chase Frederick Carl Frieseke Childe Hassam Willard Metcalf Lilla Cabot Perry Theodore Robinson John Henry Twachtman J. Alden Weir Other artists John Peter Russell Lovis Corinth Max Liebermann Max Slevogt Konstantin Korovin Valentin Serov Francisco Oller Joaquín Sorolla Philip Wilson Steer Laura Muntz Lyall Władysław Podkowiński Nazmi Ziya Güran Henry Moret Other media Music Literature French Impressionist Cinema See also American Impressionism Heidelberg School Decorative Impressionism Post-Impressionism [hide] v t e Post-Impressionism 19th-century movements Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Symbolism Art Nouveau Artists Charles Angrand Émile Bernard Paul Cézanne Paul Gauguin Hippolyte Petitjean Odilon Redon Henri Rousseau Georges Seurat Paul Signac Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Georges Lemmen Maximilien Luce Paul Ranson Vincent van Gogh Théo van Rysselberghe René Schützenberger Félix Vallotton Édouard Vuillard 20th-century movements Fauvism Die Brücke Der Blaue Reiter Expressionism Cubism Artists Henri Matisse André Derain Albert Gleizes Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Karl Schmidt-Rottluff Wassily Kandinsky Franz Marc Jean Metzinger Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Robert Antoine Pinchon Georges Braque Exhibitions Artistes Indépendants Les XX Volpini Exhibition Le Barc de Boutteville La Libre Esthétique Ambroise Vollard Salon d'Automne Salon des Indépendants Salon des Cent Critics Félix Fénéon Albert Aurier See also Impressionism Modernism Modern art Secessionism [hide] v t e Modernism Milestones Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (1862-63) Olympia (1863) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886) The Starry Night (1889) Hunger (1890) Ubu Roi (1896) Le bonheur de vivre (1906) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) The Firebird (1910) Afternoon of a Faun (1912) Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) In Search of Lost Time (1913–1927) The Metamorphosis (1915) Fountain (1917) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) Ulysses (1922) The Waste Land (1922) The Magic Mountain (1924) Battleship Potemkin (1925) The Sun Also Rises (1926) The Threepenny Opera (1928) Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929) Man with a Movie Camera (1929) Un Chien Andalou (1929) The Man Without Qualities (1930) Fallingwater (1936) The Cantos (1915–1969) Literature Guillaume Apollinaire Djuna Barnes Tadeusz Borowski André Breton Hermann Broch Mikhail Bulgakov Ivan Cankar Joseph Conrad E. M. Forster Alfred Döblin William Faulkner André Gide Knut Hamsun Jaroslav Hašek Ernest Hemingway Hermann Hesse James Joyce Franz Kafka D. H. Lawrence Primo Levi Wyndham Lewis Thomas Mann Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Robert Musil Oulipo Katherine Anne Porter Marcel Proust Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Gertrude Stein Italo Svevo Dorothy Richardson Oscar Wilde Virginia Woolf Poetry Anna Akhmatova W. H. Auden Charles Baudelaire Luca Caragiale Constantine P. Cavafy Aimé Césaire Hart Crane H.D. Robert Desnos T. S. Eliot Paul Éluard Stefan George Max Jacob Federico García Lorca Amy Lowell Mina Loy Stéphane Mallarmé Ion Minulescu Marianne Moore Fernando Pessoa Pablo Picasso Ezra Pound Rainer Maria Rilke Arthur Rimbaud Wallace Stevens Alfonsina Storni Dylan Thomas Tristan Tzara Paul Valéry William Carlos Williams W. B. Yeats Visual art Josef Albers Alexander Archipenko Jean Arp Giacomo Balla Balthus George Bellows Umberto Boccioni Pierre Bonnard Antoine Bourdelle Georges Braque Constantin Brâncuși Alexander Calder Anthony Caro Mary Cassatt Paul Cézanne Marc Chagall Giorgio de Chirico Camille Claudel Joseph Cornell Joseph Csaky Salvador Dalí Stuart Davis Edgar Degas Willem de Kooning Robert Delaunay André Derain Otto Dix Marcel Duchamp Raoul Dufy James Ensor Jacob Epstein Max Ernst Henri Le Fauconnier Lyonel Feininger Lucio Fontana Paul Gauguin Alberto Giacometti Albert Gleizes Vincent van Gogh Arshile Gorky Juan Gris George Grosz Hannah Höch Hans Hofmann Edward Hopper Alexej von Jawlensky Jasper Johns Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Paul Klee Käthe Kollwitz Oskar Kokoschka Alfred Kubin František Kupka Fernand Léger El Lissitzky René Magritte Kazimir Malevich Édouard Manet André Masson Henri Matisse Jean Metzinger Joan Miró Amedeo Modigliani László Moholy-Nagy Piet Mondrian Claude Monet Henry Moore Giorgio Morandi Gustave Moreau Berthe Morisot Barnett Newman Isamu Noguchi Emil Nolde Georgia O'Keeffe Méret Oppenheim Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Camille Pissarro Jackson Pollock Maurice Prendergast Robert Rauschenberg Man Ray Odilon Redon Oubapo Pierre-Auguste Renoir Diego Rivera Alexander Rodchenko Mark Rothko Henri Rousseau August Sander Christian Schad Egon Schiele Oskar Schlemmer Kurt Schwitters Georges Seurat Gino Severini Alfred Sisley David Smith Edward Steichen Frank Stella Alfred Stieglitz Clyfford Still Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Édouard Vuillard Andy Warhol Max Weber Weegee Grant Wood Andrew Wyeth Music George Antheil Milton Babbitt Jean Barraqué Béla Bartók Alban Berg Luciano Berio Pierre Boulez John Cage Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Claude Debussy Henri Dutilleux Morton Feldman Lou Harrison Paul Hindemith Arthur Honegger Charles Ives Leoš Janáček György Ligeti Gustav Mahler Luigi Nono Arvo Pärt Harry Partch Sergei Prokofiev Luigi Russolo Erik Satie Pierre Schaeffer Arnold Schoenberg Dmitri Shostakovich Jean Sibelius Karlheinz Stockhausen Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky Edgard Varèse Anton Webern Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis Theatre Edward Albee Maxwell Anderson Jean Anouilh Antonin Artaud Samuel Beckett Bertolt Brecht Anton Chekhov Friedrich Dürrenmatt Jean Genet Susan Glaspell Maxim Gorky Henrik Ibsen William Inge Eugène Ionesco Alfred Jarry Maurice Maeterlinck Arthur Miller Seán O'Casey Eugene O'Neill John Osborne Luigi Pirandello Erwin Piscator Romain Rolland George Bernard Shaw August Strindberg John Millington Synge Frank Wedekind Thornton Wilder Tennessee Williams Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz Film Ingmar Bergman Anton Giulio Bragaglia Luis Buñuel Marcel Carné Charles Chaplin René Clair Jean Cocteau Maya Deren Alexander Dovzhenko Carl Theodor Dreyer Germaine Dulac Viking Eggeling Sergei Eisenstein Jean Epstein Jacques Feyder Robert Flaherty Abel Gance Buster Keaton Lev Kuleshov Fritz Lang Marcel L'Herbier Georges Méliès F. W. Murnau Georg Wilhelm Pabst Michael Powell Vsevolod Pudovkin Jean Renoir Hans Richter Walter Ruttmann Victor Sjöström Josef von Sternberg Dziga Vertov Jean Vigo Orson Welles Robert Wiene Dance George Balanchine Merce Cunningham Sergei Diaghilev Isadora Duncan Martha Graham Hanya Holm Doris Humphrey Léonide Massine Vaslav Nijinsky Alwin Nikolais Ted Shawn Anna Sokolow Ruth St. Denis Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman Mary Wigman Architecture Alvar Aalto Marcel Breuer Gordon Bunshaft Charles and Ray Eames Antoni Gaudí Walter Gropius Hector Guimard Raymond Hood Victor Horta Philip Johnson Louis Kahn Fazlur Khan Le Corbusier Adolf Loos Konstantin Melnikov Erich Mendelsohn Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Oscar Niemeyer Hans Poelzig Gerrit Rietveld Eero Saarinen Rudolf Steiner Edward Durell Stone Louis Sullivan Vladimir Tatlin Paul Troost Jørn Utzon William Van Alen Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright Minoru Yamasaki Related articles Abstract expressionism American modernism Armory Show Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Avant-garde Bauhaus Color Field Constructivism Cubism Dada De Stijl Der Blaue Reiter Die Brücke Electronic music Experimental film Experimental music Expressionism Expressionist music Fauvism Fluxus Fourth dimension in art Fourth dimension in literature Futurism Futurism (music) Generación del 27 Impressionism Impressionist cinema International Style History Kallol Late modernism Late modernity Lettrism List of art movements List of avant-garde artists List of modernist poets Lyrical Abstraction Minimalism Minimalism (visual arts) Modern art Modernity Neo-Dada Neo-primitivism New Objectivity Orphism Poetry in English Post-Impressionism Postminimalism Postmodern art Postmodernism Reactionary modernism Remodernism Romanticism Second Viennese School Structural film Surrealism Symbolism Synchromism Tonalism [show] v t e Avant-garde movements [hide] v t e Art movements Medieval Merovingian Carolingian Ottonian Romanesque Gothic (International Gothic) Renaissance Early Netherlandish High Renaissance Mannerism 17th century Baroque Caravaggisti Classicism Dutch Golden Age 18th century Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism 19th century Nazarene Realism Historicism Biedermeier Gründerzeit Barbizon school Pre-Raphaelites Academic Aestheticism Peredvizhniki Impressionism Post-Impressionism Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Kalighat painting Symbolism Hudson River School 20th century Bengal School of Art Amazonian pop art Cubism Orphism Purism Synchromism Expressionism Scuola Romana Abstract expressionism Kinetic art Neue Künstlervereinigung München Der Blaue Reiter Die Brücke New Objectivity Dada Fauvism Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Art Nouveau Bauhaus De Stijl Art Deco Op art Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Pop art Photorealism Futurism Metaphysical art Rayonism Vorticism Suprematism Surrealism Color Field Minimalism Minimalism (visual arts) Nouveau réalisme Social realism Lyrical abstraction Tachisme COBRA Action painting International Typographic Style Fluxus Lettrism Letterist International Situationist International Conceptual art Installation art Land art Performance art Systems art Video art Neo-expressionism Neo-Dada Outsider art Lowbrow New media art Young British Artists 21st century Art intervention Hyperrealism Metamodernism Neo-Futurism Stuckism International Remodernism Pseudorealism Sound art Superstroke Superflat SoFlo Superflat Relational art Video game art Related articles List of art movements Modern art Modernism Late modernism Postmodern art Avant-garde Categories: ImpressionismArt movementsFrench art Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools Print/export Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча/tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last modified on 20 January 2014 at 18:27. 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